Forty years ago, Israel's army captured East Jerusalem from Jordan in the June 1967 War. The area fell in the heat of a deadly battle, but Israel did not massacre its Palestinian inhabitants or destroy its holy shrines like the medieval Christian knights. From the Jewish perspective 1967 brought the "reunification" of the holy city, restoring a divine plan after centuries of interruption.

The victory of 1967 and the capture of East Jerusalem was an exhilarating time for Jews, both religious and secular. Battle-weary Israeli troops ran through the narrow alleys of the Old City to the Western Wall to pray and celebrate. UNDER ARAB CONTROL SINCE 1948, THE JEWISH HOLY PLACES HAD BEEN TANTALISINGLY OUT OF REACH TO ISRAELIS - IN VIOLATION OF THE ISRAEL-JORDAN ARMISTICE AGREEMENT.

Nothing was going to stop the 1967 leaders from creating facts on the ground that made it impossible for Muslim Arabs to reclaim the eastern half of the city. "We have returned to our holy places - And we shall never leave them," said Gen Moshe Dayan as he stood before the timeworn stones of the Western Wall.

The international consensus has never recognised Israeli sovereignty in East Jerusalem - the city and its surroundings were designated a corpus separatum by the UN in 1947 to be given a special international status and government. No country has its embassy in Jerusalem. Even Israel's closest ally the US has withstood pressure from Congress to move its embassy from Tel Aviv, insisting the status of Jerusalem should be decided in Israeli-Palestinian negotiations rather than unilaterally.

Palestinians from outside the city - in the West Bank and Gaza - are rigorously excluded by a ring of roadblocks and Israeli military checkpoints. They now find themselves experiencing the same sense of deprivation and longing for Jerusalem, and determination to make it theirs again, that the Diaspora Jews once did.

In recent years Israel has been building the controversial West Bank barrier around Palestinian population centres, a response to the suicide bombings of the 1990s and after 2000. Around parts of East Jerusalem it is a massive wall, separating some Palestinian suburbs from the centre of Jerusalem and others from the West Bank.

Many observers see the possibility of disaster in Israel's unyielding pursuit of its policies in Jerusalem. THEY ARGUE THAT RESOLUTION WITH THE PALESTINIANS, AND THE WIDER ARAB AND MUSLIM WORLD, WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT COMPROMISE ON THE HOLY CITY.

The Six-Day War in 1967 arguably had its origins in a water dispute - moves to divert the River Jordan, Israel's main source of drinking water. Years of skirmishes and sabre rattling culminated in all-out war, with Israel quadrupling the territory it controlled and gaining complete control of double the resources of fresh water. A country needs water to survive and develop.

In Israel's history, it has needed water to make feasible the influx of huge numbers of Jewish immigrants.
Therefore, on the margins of one of the most arid environments on earth, the available water system had to support not just the indigenous population, mainly Palestinian peasant farmers, but also hundreds of thousands of immigrants.

In addition to their sheer numbers, citizens of the new state were intent on conducting water-intensive commercial agricultural such as growing bananas and citrus fruits. In the 1967 war Israel gained exclusive control of the waters of the West Bank and the Sea of Galilee, although not the Litani.Those resources - the West Bank's mountain aquifer and the Sea of Galilee - give Israel about 60% of its fresh water, a billion cubic metres per year.

Heated arguments rage about the rights to the mountain aquifer. Israel, and Israeli settlements, take about 80% of the aquifer's flow, leaving the Palestinians with 20%. With water consumption outstripping supply in both Israel and the Palestinian territories, Palestinians say they are always the first community to be rationed as reserves run dry, with the health problems that entails.

Not surprisingly, during the era of Arab-Israeli peacemaking in the 1990s, water rights became one of the trickiest areas of discussion. In the 21st Century Israel has tried to solve the Palestinian problem unilaterally, pulling troops and settlers from Gaza and building a barrier around West Bank areas with the largest concentration of Palestinians.

Although Israel says this is a temporary security measure, the barrier encroaches deep onto occupied territory - especially areas of high water yield. Demand for water already outstrips supply, requirements are rising and current supply is unsustainable.

Hydrologists say joint solutions need to be found, because water requirements are interdependent and water resources cross political boundaries. That necessitates improved conservation and recycling by both sides.

Improving the political atmosphere would allow supplies to be piped from neighbouring countries. Also crucial, experts say, are investment in desalination and other technical advances. Such solutions are desperately needed in the medium to long term. In other words, Israel and the Palestinians must work together, because they cannot survive as combatants.

In the course of Israel's creation in 1948 and its occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1967, more than half the Arabs of pre-1948 Palestine are thought to have been displaced. Today there are millions of Palestinians living in exile from homes and land their families had inhabited for generations. Many still suffer the legacy of their dispossession: destitution, penury, insecurity.

Palestinian historians, and some Israelis, call 1948 a clear example of ethnic cleansing - perpetrated by the Haganah (later the Israeli Defence Forces) and armed Jewish gangs. What is undisputed is that the refugees' fate is excluded from most Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts because, given a right of return, their numbers endanger the future of the world's only Jewish state.

Four million UN-registered Palestinian refugees trace origins to the 1948 exodus; 750,000 people belong to families displaced in 1967 - many for the second time. Palestinian advocacy group Badil says another million and a half hail from pre-1948 Palestine but were not UN-registered, while an additional 274,000 were internally displaced inside Israel after 1948, and 150,000 were displaced in the occupied territories after 1967.

That makes more than six million people, one of the biggest displaced populations in the world. The 1948 war ended with Israel in control of 78% of the former Palestine, with a Jewish-Arab ratio of 6:1. The equation brought security for Jewish Israelis, but emptied hundreds of Palestinian villages and towns of 700,000 inhabitants - the kernel of the Palestinian refugee problem today.

With the justification of not wanting to jeopardise its Jewish majority, Israel has kept Palestinian refugees and their descendants out of negotiations on a settlement to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. But for most Palestinians, their fate remains an open wound, unless there is a Middle East peace deal that acknowledges what happened to the refugees.

Israel says the barrier is the only way to defend against a wave of suicide bombings by Palestinian militants which shook the country in the early years of the intifada, or uprising, which began in 2000.

Palestinians view the structure as the prelude to an annexation of the parts of the West Bank where most Jewish settlers live, in line with Israel's plan for a unilateral solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the absence of a negotiated peace deal.

In July 2004, the International Court of Justice declared that the barrier was illegal and construction should be immediately halted, but Israel said it would not abide by what was an advisory ruling by the ICJ.

1897 - FIRST ZIONIST CONGRESS - The Congress issued the Basle Programme to establish a "home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured by public law".

1917 - SHIFTING SANDS - In 1917, the British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour committed Britain to work towards "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" - It became known as the Balfour Declaration.

1947 - UN PARTITION OF PALESTINE - Britain, which had ruled Palestine since 1920, handed over responsibility for solving the Zionist-Arab problem to the UN in 1947.

1948 - ESTABLISHMENT OF ISRAEL - The State of Israel, the first Jewish state for nearly 2,000 years, was proclaimed at 1600 on 14 May 1948 in Tel Aviv.

1964 - FORMATION OF THE PLO - In January 1964, Arab governments voted to create a body called the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO). Yasser Arafat who took over the chairmanship of the PLO in 1969..

THE 1967 WAR - six days which changed the face of the Middle East conflict.

The 1973 Yom Kippur war - Egypt and Syria launched major offensives against Israel on the Jewish festival of the Day of Atonement. Soon after the war, Saudi Arabia led a petroleum embargo against states that supported Israel.

1974 - ARAFAT'S FIRST UN APPEARANCE - He condemned the Zionist project, but concluded: "Today I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighter's gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand."

1977 - ISRAEL'S RESURGENT RIGHT WING - Agriculture minister Ariel Sharon spearheaded this movement until 1981.

1979 - ISRAEL AND EGYPT MAKE PEACE - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat recognises Israel, only four years after launching the October 1973 war. Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by Islamist elements in the Egyptian army.

1982 - ISRAEL INVADES LEBANON - The Israeli army launched a massive military incursion into Lebanon in the summer of 1982. Israeli troops reached Beirut in August.

1987 - PALESTINIAN INTIFADA - A mass uprising - or intifada - against the Israeli occupation began in Gaza and quickly spread to the West Bank.

1988 - PLO OPENS DOOR TO PEACE -The Palestinian National Council convened in Algeria in November 1988 and voted to accept a "two-state" solution.

1991 - MADRID SUMMIT - The US set up separate bilateral meetings in Washington between Israel and Syria, and with the Jordanian-Palestinian delegations.

1993 - THE OSLO PEACE PROCESS - Negotiations culminated with a historic first handshake between Rabin and Yasser Arafat watched by 400 million people around the world.

1994 - BIRTH OF THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY - Arafat was elected president of the Authority in January 1996.

1995 - OSLO II AND THE ASSASSINATION OF RABIN - Oslo II was greeted with little enthusiasm by Palestinians, while Israel's religious right was furious at the "surrender of Jewish land". A Jewish religious extremist assassinated Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin on 4 November, sending shock waves around the world.

2000 - SECOND INTIFADA - Ariel Sharon toured the al-Aqsa/Temple Mount complex in Jerusalem on 28 September. Sharon's critics saw it as a highly provocative move. Palestinian demonstrations followed, quickly developing into what became known as the al-Aqsa intifada, or uprising.

2001 - SHARON RETURNS - Ariel Sharon was swept to power by an Israeli electorate that had overwhelmingly turned its back on the land-for-peace formulas of the 1990s and now favoured a tougher approach to Israel's "Palestinian problem".

2002 - WEST BANK RE-OCCUPIED - Palestinian militants killed 29 people on the eve of the Jewish Passover holiday. In response, Israel and sent tanks and thousands of troops to re-occupy almost all of the West Bank.

2003 - ROAD MAP HOPES - In late April, the US published the much-delayed roadmap, which outlined a step-by-step timetable towards a negotiated Palestinian state.

2004 - ARAFAT DIES - In late October Arafat was taken ill and flown to France for emergency treatment. He died of a mysterious blood disorder on 11 November.

2005 - GAZA PULLOUT - Mahmoud Abbas was elected president of the Palestinian Authority after a landslide victory in January elections.

Full story - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/history.stm

THE FIRST, IN 1948, left East Jerusalem and the River Jordan's West Bank under Jordanian control and the coastal Gaza Strip under Egyptian control.

IN 1956, ISRAEL INVADED THE GAZA STRIP AND EGYPT'S SINAI PENINSULA. Israel was forced to leave the Sinai the following year and a United Nations Emergency Force (Unef) was deployed. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser was keen to unite the Arab world and spoke of "the destruction of Israel", while Israel feared it could be wiped out.

In May 1967, President Nasser demanded the removal of Unef troops from the Sinai, closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping and signed a defence pact with Jordan. Historians question whether Nasser planned to go to war, but all three factors, and Egyptian troop deployment in the Sinai, led to a pre-emptive strike by Israel.

5 June - At 0745 Israeli time, Israel launches Operation Focus and the first wave of air attacks against 11 Egyptian airfields, destroying dozens of planes parked on the runways. The pre-emptive strikes catch the Egyptians off guard and air defences are limited. Dozens of Egyptian pilots are killed in the raids. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) loses 19 planes, about 10% of its strength, mostly due to mechanical failure or accidents.

6 June - IAF jets provide air support for advancing ground troops in the Sinai, at Umm Katef, and the Gaza Strip. There is fierce fighting between Israeli and Jordanian troops at Ammunition Hill in the northern part of East Jerusalem, which is eventually taken by the Israelis. Syria launches its only ground offensive of the war, shelling frontier settlements before attacking with ground forces. Egyptian Field Marshal Abd al-Hakim Amer orders a general retreat. The move leads to the death or capture of thousands of its soldiers. By nightfall IDF forces have taken control of Gaza from Egypt and Hebron and Bethlehem from Jordan.

7 June - IDF troops move into the West Bank after the Jordanian army is given orders overnight for a general retreat. Jericho is taken by the end of the day. By 1000, Israeli troops hear the radio message: "HAR HABAYIT BEYADEINU" - "THE TEMPLE MOUNT IS IN OUR HANDS" after their forces take the Old City of Jerusalem. Soon afterwards, Jordan's governor in Jerusalem, Anwar al-Hattib signs an official surrender. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians living in the West Bank flee their homes to Jordan proper. In the Sinai peninsula, the first Israeli forces reach the Suez Canal

8 June - The three-pronged conquest of the Sinai peninsula reaches its conclusion. By the end of the day, Israeli troops have taken up positions along the eastern bank of the Suez Canal.

9 June - Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announces his resignation in a television broadcast.Israel bombs Damascus and launches a ground and air assault on the Golan Heights.

10 June - On the Syrian front, Israeli airborne brigades press on to capture Quneitra, 40 miles from Damascus, meeting little resistance. By 1430, Israeli forces have taken the Golan Heights. The UN ceasefire comes into effect at 1830.

After six days of fighting, Israel's forces have captured the entire Sinai peninsula, the West Bank and Golan Heights. The territory under Israeli control is four times larger than it had been a week earlier.

Cities with big increases in the number of murders included Orlando and Miami in Florida; Oakland and San Diego in California; Phoenix, Arizona; Corpus Christi, Texas; Grand Rapids, Michigan; Reno, Nevada and Little Rock, Arkansas.

Even though the higher violent crime numbers had been expected, they still represented bad news for Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, who has targeted violent crime as a top priority for the U.S. Justice Department.

A department study released last month of 18 metropolitan areas cited more violence by local gangs or street crews, a greater prevalence of guns in the hands of criminals and younger, more violent offenders as key reasons for the rising crime rates.

Criminologists agreed with those reasons and also said there are fewer police on the beat. They cited the Bush administration's shift in emphasis to prevent terrorism since the September 11 attacks and funding cuts for programs to put more police officers on the street.

The Shia Muslim tradition of temporary marriage, or sigheh, allows a man and a woman in Iran to marry for a set period of time, ranging from an hour to 99 years. However, the practice is regarded as illicit sex by the majority Sunni community.

Even in Iran, it has been considered socially taboo and uncommon, but now the country's hardline interior minister has ignited controversy by promoting temporary marriage as a way of countering a perceived increase in illegal extra- and pre-marital sex.

Mostafa Pourmohammadi, a cleric, said: "We have to find a solution to meet the sexual desire of the youth who have no possibility of marriage. Temporary marriage is God's rule. We must encourage that." Sexual frustration is acknowledged as a problem by the Islamic Republic of Iran. Half the country's population of 70 million is aged under 30, there is high unemployment and many young Iranians complain they cannot afford to get married or buy a house.

For some, sigheh strikes a balance between the needs of the flesh and the legal demands of marriage.
A married man can have as many temporary wives as he wants and break the contract whenever he wants, while a woman cannot. Once the contract is over, temporary wives cannot enter another relationship for three months and ten days - to determine if there is a child and to establish its paternity. There is no such restriction on men.

The stunning news follows WND's report last week that FDA inspectors report tainted food imports from China are being rejected with increasing frequency because they are filthy, are contaminated with pesticides and tainted with carcinogens, bacteria and banned drugs.

China has consistently topped the list of countries whose products were refused by the FDA ? and that list includes many countries, including Mexico and Canada, who export far more food products to the U.S. than China. While less than half of Asia has access to sewage treatment plants, aquaculture - the raising of seafood products - has become big business on the continent, especially in China.

In China, No. 1 in aquaculture in the world, 3.7 billion tons of sewage is discharged into rivers, lakes and coastal water - some of which are used by the industry. Only 45 percent of China has any sewage-treatment facilities, putting the country behind the rest of Asia.

According to a new report by Food & Water Watch, the aquaculture industry crams fish and shellfish into facilities to maximize production, generating large amounts of waste, contaminating water and spreading disease if left untreated. The industry tries to control the spread of bacterial infections, disease and parasites by pumping the food supplies with antibiotics and the waters with fungicides and pesticides.

Many of the products used are banned in the U.S. Traces of these drugs have been showing up increasingly in imports - especially from China. "In addition to potentially making people sick, overuse of such drugs is contributing to antibiotic resistance, a growing public health concern in a variety of foods," says Food & Water Watch in its report "Import Alert: Government Fails Consumers, Falls Short on Seafood Inspections."

But the grave news on China's seafood exports is worsened by the FDA's inability to inspect imports. The percentage of important seafood shipments with samples taken for laboratory inspection has decreased over the past four years, from 0.88 percent in 2003 to 0.59 percent in 2006 - this while seafood consumption in the U.S. was rising and more of that seafood was coming from China.

In a speech to world Islamic leaders at a conference in London, the PM also said politicians must listen harder to the majority's "voice of moderation". He pledged £1m more for Islamic studies courses at UK universities, after a report criticised quality of teaching. But critics said the conference had excluded those Muslim groups which had opposed government policies.

In a speech at the conference, hosted by Cambridge University, Mr Blair said his ambition was that more imams and religious leaders could be trained in the UK so they understand British society and speak good English. He said the conference had been organised to "let the authentic voices of Islam, in their various schools and manifestations, speak for themselves".

"Some of the most distinguished scholars and religious leaders the world over are gathered here. And I ask people in the country and wider to listen to them. They are the authentic voices of Islam," he said. "The voices of extremism are no more representative of Islam than the use in times gone by of torture to force conversion to Christianity represented the teachings of Christ."

Muslim News editor Ahmed Versi was among those at the conference, he told BBC News that overall, the language used by Mr Blair was "quite welcoming". But he said he did not properly address the most important issue to Muslims - what he called the "double standards" of foreign policy in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere.
These are the issues which are radicalising young people and he did not talk about that," he said.

Among those attending the two-day conference are clerics including the Grand Mufti of Egypt, Shaykh Ali Gomaa, and the Grand Mufti of Bosnia, Mustafa Ceric.

But the worst drought in 100 years is bankrupting farms daily and health agencies say increasing numbers of farmers are falling into depression and committing suicide. Now, a national push is under way to persuade men that it's time to talk.

More than 2,000 suicides are recorded each year in Australia, four-fifths of them among men. Those living in rural areas are four times more likely to kill themselves than city dwellers, according to a national depression awareness group, beyondblue.

The isolation of country people, whose access to medical services is patchy, plays a part. But it is the taciturn temperament of many outback farmers that puts them at particular risk. Leonie Young, the chief executive of beyond-blue, said: "Rural men will say: 'No worries, mate, come and have a beer', however dire things may be. It's all about talking the tough talk. Talking about feelings just isn't okay.

"There is a great resilience and resourcefulness among rural people. They feel they have the stoicism to endure whatever life dishes up. They deal with bush fires, floods, famines and droughts on a seasonal basis. Depression is seen as something you should be able to fix yourself."Leonie Young concedes that country Australians are unlikely to metamorphose into sensitive, new-age men any time soon. But she said that if the stigma of depression were removed, men might be persuaded to take the first, crucial step towards seeking help.

At present, those who do attempt to tackle their depression are often defeated by the lack of mental health services, most of which are in towns several hours' drive from rural properties.Janet Golding believes only regular counselling by a visiting professional would make a difference to her husband's health.

That, and a good thunderstorm.

Disillusioned by what they call an empire about to fall, a small cadre of writers and academics is plotting political strategy and planting the seeds of separatism.

They've published a "Green Mountain Manifesto" subtitled "Why and How Tiny Vermont Might Help Save America From Itself by Seceding from the Union." They hope to put the question before citizens at Town Meeting Day next March, eventually persuading the state Legislature to declare independence, returning Vermont to the status it held from 1777 to 1791.

"The argument for secession is that the U.S. has become an empire that is essentially ungovernable- it's too big, it's too corrupt and it no longer serves the needs of its citizens," said Rob Williams, editor of Vermont Commons, a quarterly newspaper dedicated to secession.

"Congress and the executive branch are being run by the multinationals. We have electoral fraud, rampant corporate corruption, a culture of militarism and war. If you care about democracy and self-governance and any kind of representative system, the only constitutional way to preserve what's left of the Republic is to peaceably take apart the empire."

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who triggered outrage in the West two years ago when he said Israel should be "wiped off the map", has often referred to the destruction of the Jewish state but says Iran is not a threat.

"With God's help, the countdown button for the destruction of the Zionist regime has been pushed by the hands of the children of Lebanon and Palestine," Ahmadinejad said in a speech."By God's will, we will witness the destruction of this regime in the near future," he said. He did not elaborate.

Iran often praises the Palestinians for what it says is their resistance against Israeli occupation. Tehran also described the war last summer between Hezbollah in Lebanon and Israel as a victory for the Iranian-backed group.

"If you make a mistake and create another war against the oppressed Lebanese nation, this time the angry ocean of the nations of the region will remove your rotten ... roots from the region," the president said in another speech on Sunday night.

ROME (AP) - Russian President Vladimir Putin warned that U.S. plans to build a missile defense system in Eastern Europe would force Moscow to target its weapons against Europe. The threat, in an interview published Sunday in Italy's Corriere della Sera and other foreign media, marked one of Putin's most strident statements to date against the U.S. plans and came just days before he is to join President Bush and other leaders at a Group of Eight summit in Germany.

In the interview, Putin was asked whether the proposed missile defense shield would compel Moscow to direct its own missiles at locations and U.S. military sites in Europe, as during the Cold War. "If the American nuclear potential grows in European territory, we have to give ourselves new targets in Europe," Putin said, according to Corriere. "It is up to our military to define these targets, in addition to defining the choice between ballistic and cruise missiles."

Russia has not overtly targeted Europe since agreeing after the fall of the Soviet Union not to direct missiles against specific countries, according to Pavel Felgenhauer, an independent military analyst based in Moscow. He added however, that that was simple technical matter, since a missile can be given a target within minutes.

Previously, some Russian military officials have said Moscow could aim Russian weapons at Europe-based missile systems. Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek accused Russia on Sunday of misleading the public about the planned missile defense bases in the Czech Republic and Poland to hide Russia's internal problems.

"Russia needs an outside enemy to hide problems at home," Topolanek said.

Take a look in the average supermarket trolley and the food there will probably have travelled farther than most people clock up in a decade. A selection of just 26 items can have covered a total of 150,000 miles before reaching the British kitchen.

With beef from Brazil, beans from Kenya, apples from New Zealand, chicken from Thailand and strawberries from Spain, shoppers can enjoy year-round produce. But with such astonishing "food miles" being accumulated, it is little surprise that their environmental impact is coming under scrutiny and sparking a backlash.

Already, the major supermarkets are crawling over each other to highlight their "locally sourced" produce, while Marks and Spencer has begun labelling air-freighted products with logos of aircraft. Yet some startling research is emerging that shows food miles might not be as bad as consumers have been led to believe.

Analysis of the industry reveals that for many foods, imported products are responsible for lower carbon dioxide emissions than the same foodstuffs produced in Britain. Even products shipped from the other side of the world emit fewer greenhouse gases than British equivalents.

The reasons are manifold. Sometimes it is because they require less fertiliser; sometimes, as with greenhouse crops, less energy; sometimes, as with much African produce, the farmers use little mechanised equipment. The findings are surprising environmental campaigners, who have, until now, used the distance travelled by food as the measure of how polluting it is.

One study by Lincoln University, in New Zealand, found that 2,849kg of carbon dioxide is produced for every tonne of lamb raised in Britain, while just 688kg of the gas is released with imported New Zealand lamb, even after it has travelled the 11,000 miles to Britain. Researchers and farmers in Britain have raised doubts over the accuracy of the New Zealand figures, but they concede that sheep farming in New Zealand is more efficient than in our own country.

"They have slightly better weather," said Prof Gareth Edwards-Jones, from the department of agriculture at Bangor University, in Wales. "This means their grass can grow for longer and they don't have to give their sheep as much feed as they do in the UK.

"With meat in the UK, there is also a supermarket issue. Each of the supermarkets runs its own abattoir, so if you sell your lamb to Tesco, you have to send your lamb to Tesco's abattoir, even if you pass several local abattoirs on the way. As a result, the meat picks up a huge amount of 'in-Britain' food miles from farm to abattoir then to packaging before it gets to its final destination.

"If we could sort it out so that meat was slaughtered and packaged locally, it could make the whole process far more efficient." On the extensive rolling fields of Pigeon Hills sheep farm, 40 miles from Nelson on New Zealand's South Island, the lush grassland needs little fertiliser to provide food for the livestock. Farmer David McGaveston, 55, rears more than 10,000 sheep and 500 beef cattle for export to the UK.

The style of farming in New Zealand is considered to be less intensive than in Britain because of the large areas of land. Mr McGaveston uses small amounts of hay to help supplement his sheep through the cold winter months and sends his lambs to be slaughtered and packaged at a plant just 40 miles away. Most of the electricity used is also supplied from a hydroelectric plant, which has minimal carbon dioxide emissions.

He said: "I understand the debate that is going on over food miles in the UK at the moment, but if we really are producing meat with less carbon dioxide then that is surely a good thing."
Prof Caroline Saunders, who led the research, said: "Food miles are a very simplistic concept, but it is misleading as it does not consider the total energy use, especially in the production of the product."